ICPC 2019 · Problem E · Dead-End Detector

Time limit: 5 seconds

A dead-end sign. Source: Wikimedia Commons The council of your home town has decided to improve road sign placement, especially for dead ends. They have given you a road map, and you must determine where to put up signs to mark the dead ends. They want you to use as few signs as possible.

The road map is a collection of locations connected by two-way streets. The following rule describes how to obtain a complete placement of dead-end signs. Consider a street $S$ connecting a location $x$ with another location. The $x$-entrance of $S$ gets a dead-end sign if, after entering $S$ from $x$, it is not possible to come back to $x$ without making a U-turn. A U-turn is a $180$- degree turn immediately reversing the direction.

To save costs, you have decided not to install redundant dead-end signs, as specified by the following rule. Consider a street $S$ with a dead-end sign at its $x$-entrance and another street $T$ with a dead-end sign at its $y$-entrance. If, after entering $S$ from $x$, it is possible to go to $y$ and enter $T$ without making a U-turn, the dead-end sign at the $y$-entrance of $T$ is redundant. See Figure E.1 for examples.

Figure E.1: Illustration of sample inputs, indicating where non-redundant dead-end signs are placed.

Input

The first line of input contains two integers $n$ and $m$, where $n$ ($1 \le n \le 5\cdot 10^{5}$) is the number of locations and $m$ ($0\le m\le 5\cdot 10^{5}$) is the number of streets. Each of the following $m$ lines contains two integers $v$ and $w$ ($1 \le v < w \le n$) indicating that there is a two-way street connecting locations $v$ and $w$. All location pairs in the input are distinct.

Output

On the first line, output $k$, the number of dead-end signs installed. On each of the next $k$ lines, output two integers $v$ and $w$ marking that a dead-end sign should be installed at the $v$-entrance of a street connecting locations $v$ and $w$. The lines describing dead-end signs must be sorted in ascending order of $v$-locations, breaking ties in ascending order of $w$-locations.

ICPC World Finals 2019 Problem E: Dead-End Detector

Sample Input 1

6 5
1 2
1 3
2 3
4 5
5 6

Sample Output 1

4 5
6 5

Sample Input 2

8 8
1 2
1 3
2 3
3 4
1 5
1 6
6 7
6 8

Sample Output 2

1 5
1 6
3 4

ICPC World Finals 2019 Problem E: Dead-End Detector